Suicide: A Study in Sociology; Cape Echols

 The book Suicide: A Study in Sociology was written by a French sociologist named Émile Durkheim in 1897. This book was innovative for its time, being the first ‘methodological study of a social fact in the context of society.’ Durkheim believes that suicide is driven by the imbalance of two crucial social forces; social integration and moral regulation. He also understands that where there are high levels of anomie, there will be higher rates of suicide. As an example, he writes that factors contributing to high anomie include economic booms and crashes. Through his case study of suicide, Durkheim came to the understanding that there are four general classifications of suicide that are influenced by social integration and moral regulation. The first type is Egoistic suicide which reflects an intense feeling of not belonging. This is caused when someone has no connection to a community and therefore no defined goals or values. This leads to a feeling of detachment which Durkheim calls ‘excessive individualism.’ The second type is Altruistic suicide which is the opposite of Egoistic suicide, being driven by the feeling of an overwhelming connection to a community and its beliefs. This occurs when an individual’s needs are seen as lesser in comparison to the communities needs. The third type is Anomic suicide, which is driven by social and moral uncertainty. This occurs when an individual is unsure of where they fit in within their community and often takes place when there has been a dramatic social or economic change. The fourth and final type is Fatalistic suicide which is the opposite of Anomic suicide, occurring when an individual feels overly regulated and controlled. This is caused when a community is so oppressive that the individual’s future and passions are shut down. 


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